Books: 'IDA] Life Sciences' – Grafiati (2024)

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The textbook provides a General idea of modern methods for assessing the environmental properties of materials, discusses the environmental aspects of the production of the main groups of structural materials, and suggests a method for assessing the environmental safety of the material, taking into account the full life cycle of products. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of "Technosphere safety", "aircraft Engineering", "materials Science and technology of materials" and other aircraft engineering specialties.

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The monograph, on the one hand, examines the period of development of the descending cycle of evolution and the associated progressive changes that show the irreversibility of the processes of formation of the planetary system. The end of one cycle and the beginning of another leads to the transformation of the system of life and the expansion of consciousness at a new energy level. On the other hand, the questions of potential opportunities for the development of the ascending phase of evolution, which goes both along the path of complexity of the organization and along the path of diversity, are considered. In the ascending evolutionary stream, what has been differentiated into the corresponding levels in the descending cycle is brought together and thus prepared to enter into new, more perfect forms of unity. It is shown that the development of humanity along its entire path depends on the interaction of energies of various forms and potentials. Understanding the relationships between different types of energy and their use provides insight into many important issues in the evolution of society. The material introduces the modern features of the existence of the male and female sexes from the energy point of view. The idea of a way out of the current conflict situation that has arisen between the sexes at the present stage of evolution is proposed. It will be useful for those interested in the problems of scientific knowledge, architects, philosophers,historians, physicists and methodologists of science, students and students of secondary schools.

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The science of modern dynamics takes the simple idea of Galileo’s parabolic trajectory and generalizes it into abstract hyperspaces of multiple dimensions. This chapter introduces the new way that physicists and mathematicians visualize dynamical systems, taking a global view of complex behavior and finding that the laws of physics capture the orbits of planets around suns (and the paths of light around black holes) as easily as the evolution of new species or the rise and fall of economies. This new visualization uses phase space to capture the global behavior of complex systems. The path across life, the universe and so many hyperdimensional worlds is being captured by new disciplines within new sciences like chaos theory, entanglement, network science, econophysics and evolutionary dynamics.

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This chapter illustrates with examples how science and technology have changed our way of life. We live longer, we live better, although this is not always appreciated. A brief description of life in Edwardian London of the early 1900s provides an idea of the changes that have occurred over the past century. Reasons why basic research is useful are illustrated to give a positive feeling about the role of science. The time required to transform basic research into valuable applications, however, can be very long. How a fundamental discovery in basic science has turned into magnetic resonance diagnostics in medicine is provided as an example.

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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.

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This chapter is concerned with the contemporary impact of the biomedical sciences on life expectancy and how the so-called life-extension project. A promise of more or less indefinite human survival or the end of aging represents a critical challenge, not just to religious assumptions about life, aging and death but to traditional moral assumptions about the just distribution of resources in society. Medical consumption is simply a subset of general consumption, and the idea of living forever is central to modern secular lifestyles. The tensions between religion and medicine, and therefore the nature of “medical secularization,” can be understood by recognizing that many critical problems for the Christian churches in modernity are raised by questions about the changing status of the human body. As modern societies are driven by technological and scientific advances, the choices that confront humans fall broadly into two camps, namely posthumanism and transhumanism.

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This book considers how religion as the source of civilization transforms the fundamental bio-sociology of humans through language and the somatic exploration of religious ritual and prayer. It offers an integrative account of the nature of the human, based on what contemporary scientists tell us, especially evolutionary science and social neuroscience, as well as through the history of civilizations. Part I contemplates fundamental questions and assumptions: the current state of knowledge concerning life itself, the philosophical issues in that understanding, and how we can explain religion as the driving force of civilizations in the context of human development within an evolutionary perspective. Part II offers a reading of religions in three civilizational blocks—India, China, and Europe/the Middle East—particularly as they came to formation in the medieval period. It traces the history of how these civilizations have thematized the idea of life itself. It then takes up the idea of a life force in Part III and traces the theme of the philosophy of life through to modern times. On the one hand, the book presents a narrative account of life itself through the history of civilizations and, on the other, it presents an explanation of that narrative in terms of life.

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Race is one of the most elusive phenomena of social life. While we generally know it when we see it, it's not an easy concept to define. Social science literature has argued that race is a Western, sociopolitical concept that emerged with the birth of modern imperialism, whether in the sixteenth century (the Age of Discovery) or the eighteenth century (the Age of Enlightenment). This book points out that there is a disjuncture between the way race is conceptualized in the social science and medical literature: some of the modern sciences employ racial and ethnic categories. As such, race has a physical, as opposed to a purely social, dimension. The book argues that in order to more fully understand what we mean by race, social scientists need to engage genetics, medicine, and health. To be sure, the long shadow of eugenics and the Nazi use of scientific racism have cast a pall over the effort to understand this complicated relationship between social science and race. But while the text rejects pseudoscience and hierarchical ways of looking at race, it makes the claim that it is time to reassess the Western-based, social construction paradigm. The chapters in this book consider three fundamental tensions in thinking about race: one between theories that see race as fixed or malleable; a second between the idea that race is a universal but modern Western concept and the idea that it has a deeper and more complicated cultural history; and a third between sociopolitical and biological/biomedical concepts of race. Arguing that race is not merely socially constructed, the chapters offer a collection of views on the way that social scientists must reconsider the idea of race in the age of genomics.

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This book defends a new interpretation of Hegel’s idealism as oriented by a philosophical and logical concept of life, focusing on Hegel’s Science of Logic. Beginning with the influence of Kant’s Critique of Judgment, Karen Ng argues that Hegel’s key philosophical contributions concerning self-consciousness, freedom, and logic all develop around the idea of internal purposiveness, which Hegel views as “Kant’s great service to philosophy.” Ng charts the development of the purposiveness theme in Kant and argues that its key innovation is the claim that the purposiveness of nature enables the operation of the power of judgment. Situating Hegel among contemporaries such as Fichte and Schelling, she further argues that this innovation is key for understanding Hegel’s philosophical method in the Differenzschrift (1801) and Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), in which the theory of self-consciousness plays a central role. In her new interpretation of Hegel’s Logic, Ng argues that the Subjective Logic can be understood as Hegel’s critique of judgment, where he defends the view that life opens up the possibility of intelligibility as such. She argues that Hegel’s theory of judgment is modeled on reflective, teleological judgments, in which something’s species or kind provides the objective context for predication. The Subjective Logic culminates in the argument that life is a primitive or original activity of judgment, the necessary presupposition for the actualization of self-conscious cognition. Ng demonstrates that absolute method is best interpreted as the ongoing dialectic between life and self-conscious cognition, providing a new way for understanding Hegel’s philosophical system.

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This chapter revisits interview transcripts from postwar social science projects to explore vernacular understandings of the social world, especially the informal politics of everyday life. Understanding shifting conceptions of historical time provides the key to understanding the crisis of social democracy in the 1970s and 1980s which was rooted less in the machinations of high politics than in popular responses to economic uncertainty and social change. What sealed the fate of the mobilizing myths of postwar social democracy was the collapse of popular belief in the idea of ‘the people’s’ forward march. By the 1980s expectations of intergenerational ‘progress’ had begun to loosen and conceptions of a shared future had broken down. But if popular conceptions of time and politics represent vernacular attempts to make sense of everyday experience, resetting the terms of economic life and public policy may re-establish shared conceptions of progress.

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This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's failed attempt to publish a mainstream literary anthology of science fiction stories centered on Mars. The development of the Illinois novel was slowed by Bradbury's increased focus on the science fiction stories he was writing and revising with more and more frequency. Despite Don Congdon's influence with a wide range of editors, these stories were still not selling to the major magazines at all. What sustained both his spirit and his reputation during this period was his almost phenomenal success with the premier award anthologies of the day such as the Best American Short Stories annual and the O. Henry Prize Stories. This chapter considers the impact of Bradbury's anthology awards on his writing life by focusing on his membership in the leftist poetry magazine California Quarterly, founded by Dolph Sharp and others. It also discusses Bradbury's idea for an anthology that would consist of twenty-five science fiction stories, a project that he called “The Martian Chronicles. Edited by Ray Bradbury” and never came to fruition.

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Drawing Physics is a collection of 51 essays each one organized around a simple, informative, line drawing that conveys a key idea in the history of physics. The essays, each approximately 1000 words long, are chronologically ordered from Thales, who around 600 BCE explained and used the principles of triangulation, to Peter Higgs, who received the Nobel Prize in 2012 for his prediction of the Higgs boson. The essays expand on the science conveyed in each drawing and place that science in a broader cultural context. The essays are grouped into five sections: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, Nineteenth Century, and Twentieth Century and Beyond. Each essay stands alone and requires no background in physics or mathematics.

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Peirce first recognizes a science of phenomenology in 1902, but in 1904 he changes the name of the science to phaneroscopy. This change is motivated by a desire for terminological exactness. After rejecting “phenomena,” “pure experience,” and “idea” as appropriate words for the object of phenomenological investigation, Peirce settles on “phaneron.” He changes the suffix from “-logy” to “-scopy” to indicate that the science is primarily observational. Peirce’s characterizations of the phaneron change over the course of his investigations because of four problems he faces. Those problems are whether the phenomenologist studies the possibilities of consciousness or actual consciousnesses, how we can generalize observations of our own conscious experiences to what any conscious experience is like, how we can make our conception of the object of phenomenological investigation clearer, and how we can speak of the phaneron as a totality and yet reference its parts.

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Nurturing Our Humanity sheds new light on our personal and social options in today’s world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. It brings together findings—largely overlooked—from the natural and social sciences debunking the popular idea that we are hardwired for selfishness, war, rape, and greed. Its groundbreaking approach reveals connections between disturbing trends like climate change denial and regressions to strongman rule. Moving past right versus left, religious versus secular, Eastern versus Western, and other familiar categories that do not include our formative parent-child and gender relations, it looks at where societies fall on the partnership-domination scale. On one end is the domination system that ranks man over man, man over woman, race over race, and humans over nature. On the other end is the more peaceful, egalitarian, gender-balanced, and sustainable partnership system. Nurturing Our Humanity explores how behaviors, values, and socioeconomic institutions develop differently in these two environments, documents how this affects nothing less than how our brains develop, examines cultures from this new perspective (including societies that for millennia oriented toward partnership), and proposes actions supporting the contemporary movement in this more life-sustaining and enhancing direction. It shows how through today’s ever more fearful, frenzied, and greed-driven technologies of destruction and exploitation, the domination system may lead us to an evolutionary dead end. However, a more equitable and sustainable way of life is biologically possible and culturally attainable: we can change our course.

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Kyōsei (symbiosis) is a Japanese philosophical paradigm that is the cornerstone for the Caux Round Table Principles of business ethics. Though this notion comes from the idea of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in the biological sciences, it has only recently been applied to the discipline of environmental ethics. Kyōsei is a normative ethical principle, and the adoption of kyōsei (symbiosis) by individuals, corporations, and governments can promote kyōei (mutual flourishing). The concept of noninterference (jū) promotes ethical conduct by encouraging respect for others and minimizes waste through the promotion of maximal efficiency. By using kyōsei as the guiding principle for international business and politics, we can create policies and laws that allow us to live sustainably and to flourish, both economically and ecologically.

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This chapter examines the passion for Indiana high school basketball that social scientists Robert and Helen Lynd tackled in their 1929 book Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture. In their study the Lynds revealed that Middletown was a real place—Muncie, Indiana. The Bearcats was the actual name of the high school basketball team at Muncie Central High School. They explained how basketball captured the magical essence of Muncie, insisting that “Magic Middletown,” the cultural essence of the community, appeared more fully on the high school basketball court than in any other realm of heartland tribal life. The Lynds's work on “Magic Middletown” marked a turning point in American social science and placed the idea that sport forged community firmly into the scholarly lexicon. This chapter also considers the history of race in Muncie Central basketball that reveals how “they” became “we” in Magic Middletown, raising a variety of questions that remained far beyond the boundaries of the Lynds's sociological imaginations.

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This chapter starts out from the idea that semantics is a “special science” whose aim, like that of chemistry or ecology, is to identify systematic, high-level patterns in a fundamentally physical world. I defend an approach to this task on which sentences are associated with sets of possible worlds (of some kind). These sets of worlds, however, are not postulated for the compositional treatment of intensional contexts; they are not meant to capture what is intuitively asserted or communicated by an utterance; nor are they supposed to shed light on the cognitive processes that underlie our linguistic competence. Instead, their job description is to capture certain regularities in the interactions between subjects using the relevant language. I also raise some questions about how the relevant worlds might be construed.

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Black holes seem like something out of science fiction, but they are real. Now that we understand the relevant properties of gravity we can separate fact from fiction. We start by defining black holes and showing how they differ fromthe simple Newtonian idea of “no escape.” Time and space seem to swap meaning inside the black hole, so that “forward in time” is a direction that points toward the center of the black hole. We then look at the astrophysical evidence that black holes really exists: how we can observe them, as well as the limits to our observations.We then examine facts andmyths about black holes, including tidal effects such as spaghettification. Finally, because black holes in nature spin rapidly, we look at gravitomagnetic effects around rapidly spinning black holes.

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This chapter explores the empirical roots of compassion science and the schools of thought that gave rise to the idea that compassion may be good for health. We review the evidence that suggests that those who help others are healthier and live longer than those who do not help others, and we highlight stress-buffering and compassionate motivation as mechanisms for this effect. We describe emerging models that connect compassion to physical health using neurobiology, and we review Numan’s (2006) animal model of parental behavior as the basis for predictions about specific areas of the brain, neuropeptides, and hormones that are hypothesized to interact to produce health benefits associated with helping others. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of compassionate neurobiology for medical research, mental health, and behavioral intervention.

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